I can add a couple of things to your list
1. Our phones are answered by a person, not a machine -- money we could pay the doctor.
2. Our employees are paid a living wage -- a silly, sappy idealistic notion.
3. Almost certainly the hospital subsidizes the clinic side with its monstrous lab and imaging fees. Accounting rules seem to be quite flexible.
4. Our hospital is a "critical access" hospital, which for now, is some sort of license to coin money.
5. 20 years ago the hospital refused to consider subsidised rent for doctors, or paying them above market salaries -- the bogy-man IRS was always invoked, something about "private inurement". Nowadays, not a word about that.
